Timeline | Dnasequencingtechjd

DNA Sequencing Technology Timeline

1953 James D. Watson and Francis Crick found that the structure of DNA is a structure of a double helix. They based their discovery of Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray of DNA.

1970 The discovery of type II restriction enzymes by Hamilton Smith and colleagues and the development of sequencing. These enzymes solved one problem that is associated with DNA sequencing by cutting DNA at a specific nucleotide sequences, this allows DNA to be cut into many smaller pieces on which gel electrophoresis could be used and sequencing could be performed on.

1977 Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method called the Maxam-Gilbert sequencing or chemical degradation method, and it’s based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases. The way this method works by allowing purified samples of double-stranded DNA to be used without cloning. The Maxam-Gilbert method is used for radioactive labeling.

1972 At the University of Ghent, published by Walter Fiers and other co-workers found that RNA sequencing is the first complete gene and the complete genome of Bacteriophage.These were the problems in early problems for DNA Sequencing.

Purification was difficult because of DNA molecules having similar properties.
The four bases that made up DNA Molecules were similar.DNA was a large molecule.
No known enzymes that could cut DNA at specific parts.

During 1977 Frederick Sanger and other of his colleagues developed a new DNA sequencing which was based on chaining and terminating the dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during the vitro DNA replication. This method is less complicated because it uses fewer dangerous chemicals and less required radioactivity; the method could also sequence around 100 base pairs.

1986 California Institute of Technologies, Leroy E. Hood developed the first semi-automated DNA sequencing. He made the dideoxy method more efficient and it could go up to 1000 bases at a time to be sequenced. This also made a new field call bioinformatics.

1996 The Applied Biosystem have developed a sequencer that is automated in DNA Sequencing. The Machine is called the ABI Prism 310 and it could automatically do the entire process by doing a new method called capillary electrophoresis, this replaces the gel-based method.

1990- 2003 The U.S Human Genome Project have sequenced all 3 billion base pairs of the human using bacterial artificial chromosome bases sequencing; they completed a budget of .7 billion in 10 years. The Celera factory have completed the